Mesopotamia invention timeline. The end product was the wheel.

Mesopotamia invention timeline. For Ancient Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylon, Assyria): These are original Free Use lesson plans, classroom activities, interactive activities, review activities, and concluding activities and projects written by us and by other teachers for ancient Mesopotamia, the land between two rivers, the cradle of civilization. They were the first farmers. They invented games like checkers. They developed a system of government headed by a king. Mesopotamian armor either used leather or various types of metal. One site, the city of Uruk, surpassed all others as an urban center surrounded by a group of secondary May 21, 2024 · Table of Contents (click to expand) Around 3500 BC, a brilliant idea struck one of the wise Homo sapiens living in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). Scholars still debate the reasons for this population increase, which seems too large to be explained simply by normal growth. Definition Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization. Commentary by Asli Ozdogan, of Istanbul Mesopotamia was an ancient region found in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau and in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains. (the accession of King Nabonassar). Emerging around 4500 BC, they are often credited with many ‘firsts’ in human history, including the invention of the wheel, the development of cuneiform script (one of the earliest forms of writing), the creation of the first city-states, and the The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism), the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. Copyright © 2007-2025 Timetoast Timelines, All rights reserved. Today, the wheel Apr 22, 2024 · Mesopotamia was situated between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Mesopotamia introduced remarkable advances like writing, law codes, and complex architecture that laid the groundwork for future Nov 30, 2017 · Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefited from the area’s climate and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization. It then progresses Jan 15, 1990 · Explore the history and evolution of the wheel with this comprehensive timeline, from its invention to its impact on transportation and technology. Whilst we can safely assume that humanity developed sophisticated astronomical techniques long before the dawn of recorded history, the history of Western astronomy begins in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was a wild place at the dawn of the Bronze age. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means “land of the civilized kings. On the rich plateaus of the region, in its bustling sun-baked brick cities, Assyrians, Akkadians, Sumerians, and Babylonians made some of the most significant steps towards progress and Introduction Mesopotamia is a Greek name that means “land between the rivers. The revolutionary invention of the wheel Iraqi Transport Minister Announces that Sumerians Key Points The Sumerians were a people living in Mesopotamia from the 27th-20th century BCE. Between about 10,000 bce and the genesis of large permanent settlements, the following stages of development are distinguishable, some of which run parallel: (1) the change to sedentary life, or the transition from continual or seasonal change of abode, characteristic of The history of writing traces the development of writing systems [1] and how their use transformed and was transformed by different societies. Go here to learn more about Sumerian writing. Invention Timeline 3500 BCE: The wheel’s initial creation occurred in Mesopotamia, primarily utilized as potter’s wheels, enabling artisans to produce ceramics more efficiently. Sep 7, 2018 · Mesopotamia. Sep 16, 2024 · MESOPOTAMIA History Timeline and Biographies Mesopotamia, often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization," is a historical region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, primarily in modern-day Iraq, southeastern Turkey, and parts of Iran and Syria. Ancient Mesopotamia Timeline History >> Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization. [6] Jul 14, 2024 · Archaeologists believe the first wheel—a potter's wheel—was invented in Mesopotamia around 3,500 BC. Sep 7, 2024 · The Mesopotamian Wheel Invention stands as a pivotal advancement in ancient transportation, revolutionizing the movement of goods and people. The early waterwheels, used for lifting water from a lower to a higher level for irrigation, consisted of a number of pots tied to the rim of a wheel that was caused to rotate about a horizontal axis by running water or by a treadmill. Jul 7, 2023 · Timeline of Mesopotamia 1. Explore the timeline of Agriculture. The Invention of Writing The invention of written language is the most important milestone in human history, and we owe it to the accountants. Made with ️ in London. That writing system, invented by the Sumerians, emerged in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. So without further ado, let us take a gander at 12 ancient Mesopotamian inventions you should know about. History of Mesopotamia, the region in southwestern Asia where the world’s earliest civilization developed. Writing Perhaps the most important advance made by the Mesopotamians was the invention of writing by the Sumerians. The world moves on wheels today, but the inception of this technology can be traced back to 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. This revolutionary invention transformed transportation and commerce, allowing for the development of wheeled vehicles and the construction of roads. In the process, they transformed how humans cultivated food The Sumerians were the people of southern Mesopotamia whose civilization flourished between c. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers created a fertile stripe of perfect agricultural land arcing from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. On the contrary, many of these historical innovations were brought forth by centuries of development since the epoch of the Neolithic Revolution. Explore the timeline of Sumer. The very dawn of civilization itself. Explore the timeline of Bronze Age. witnessed a immense expansion in the number of populated sites. Timeline of Ancient Mesopotamia 5000-3500 BCE: The first city-states gradually develop in southern Mesopotamia. The invention of the wheel is often considered a hallmark of human innovation, and it has proved to be one of humanity’s greatest blessings. The use of writing – as well as the resulting phenomena of literacy and literary culture in some historical instances – has had myriad social and psychological consequences. Mar 22, 2023 · The ancient Near East, and the historical region of the Fertile Crescent in particular, is generally seen as the birthplace of agriculture. Mesopotamia timeline 12,000 years ago Humans and dogs team up A canine jaw, discovered in a cave in Mesopotamia, is the earliest evidence of the domestication of dogs Jun 7, 2023 · Inventions that Changed the World Archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia have unearthed a treasure trove of artifacts that provide insight into the culture, lifestyle, and technological advancements of the civilization. This timeline of ancient Mesopotamia shows how each era shaped the modern world. Ubaid period (6500–4100 BCE) During the Ubaid period, small villages began developing into larger settlements and societal organization started to take form. Come meet the ancient Mesopotamians. So many firsts! These early people invented the first written language, the first super hero (Gilgamesh), the first wheel, the first sailboat, the first plow, war helmet, and library. The first cities and empires formed here. R Farming Farming Farming has been around since women first dropped the seeds in the ground and evolved rapidly in the Neolithic Era as more and more people became aware of the innovation. This timeline covers the major events and developments in the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia, including the emergence of city-states, the invention of writing, and the establishment of powerful empires. 3500: Writing begins to be developed. The name is derived from bav-il or bav-ilim, which in Akkadian meant Mesopotamia is the first lands where people formed villages and farms. Explore the timeline of Cuneiform. A timeline of important moments in the history of technology from the first stone tools to artificial intelligence. 4,500-c. Its history Ancient Mesopotamia for Kids Inventions The Sumerians were very inventive people. The end product was the wheel. It corresponds roughly to the territory of modern Iraq [1][2] and forms the eastern geographic boundary of the modern Middle East. Terraced farming begins and rice is cultivated. Jun 5, 2019 · Here is everything you need to know about the history and timeline of key events and people that occupied ancient Meopotamia- the birthplace of civilization Jul 17, 2023 · In essence, we as history enthusiasts shouldn’t view these Mesopotamian inventions as singular events that happened overnight. Definition Mesopotamia (from the Greek, meaning 'between two rivers') was an ancient region located in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and Turkey and known as the Fertile Crescent and the cradle of civilization. Sumerians built ships that allowed them to travel into the Persian Gulf and trade with other early civilizations, such as the Harappans in northern India. Oct 20, 2021 · Mesopotamian inventions include many items taken for granted today, most of which were created during the Early Dynastic Period (~2900–2350/2334 BCE) or developed from achievements of the Uruk Period Apr 7, 2025 · Timeline of Ancient Mesopotamia by World History Edu · April 7, 2025 Ancient Mesopotamia is often called the “ Cradle of Civilization. [1] The first urban civilization. Their craftsmen produced gorgeous goods. From its initial use in pottery to its pivotal role in transportation and industry, the wheel exemplifies human ingenuity and adaptability. The foundation The use of a wheel (turntable) for pottery had also developed in Mesopotamia by 3500 bc. Mar 14, 2018 · In ancient times, Mesopotamia impacted the world through its inventions, innovations, and religious vision; in the modern day it literally changed the way people understood the whole of history and one's place in the continuing story of human civilization. H. Mesopotamia is the first lands where people formed villages and farms. ” Mesopotamia invented organized religion, armies, law and many other fundamental parts of civilization as we know it today. More about: Mesopotamia Timeline Some of the most important inventions of the Sumerians were: More about: Mesopotamian Science and Technology Timeline 4100 BCE - 2900 BCE Mesopotamian science and technology first appears in the Uruk Period of Sumer. Timeline of Mesopotamia The first recorded event in Mesopotamia occurred in the year 5000 BC, when the Sumer built the first towns and cities. The people shopped with clay Oct 1, 2004 · The alluvial plains of southern Mesopotamia in the later half of the fourth millennium B. From the invention of writing and the development of mathematics to the construction of monumental structures and advancements in medicine Discover the most important inventions of Mesopotamia, from writing to the wheel, and how they impacted the development of modern civilization. It is believed that they invented the sailboat, the chariot, the wheel, the plow, maps, and metallurgy. Today the region is part of Iraq. Ancient Mesopotamia Timeline Activity If you’re looking to make your Mesopotamia Unit more hands-on and engaging, this printable Mesopotamia Timeline is the resource you need! In this interactive timeline project, students construct a timeline that features reading passages, maps, and images. The wheel was invented to be used in pottery making. Apr 17, 2025 · The invention of the wheel, around 3500 BCE, revolutionized transportation and enabled the development of more complex tools and machinery. While the wheel’s importance is undeniable, the question of who first conceived this ingenious invention remains shrouded in mystery. Jul 31, 2025 · Discover the Interactive British Civilization TimMesopotamian civilization timeline: Explore the rise of Sumerian city-states and the evolution into the mighty Persian Empire. According to archaeological evidence, the earliest known wheeled vehicles were found in Mesopotamia and dated back to around 3500 BCE, suggesting that the wheel was likely invented in this region. Jul 7, 2023 · Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq, was a region known for its significant contributions to human civilization. Jun 29, 2019 · 10 Mesopotamia Inventions You Should Know The Mesopotamian civilization has fascinated people for over centuries. The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known. It corresponds to modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Syria. Sumer (/ ˈsuːmər /) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. ” It describes an ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. This Mesopotamia Inventions and Achievements Timeline Activity includes visual instructions for reading a BC/AD timeline and then provides 13 questions for student practice. 3500 BCE. The invention of the wheel is believed to have occurred around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. Can be used with the lesson plan: The Cuneiform Writing System in Ancient Mesopotamia: Emergence and Evolution. Kids went to school. , the people of Mesopotamia started to create many of the things that we associate with civilisation: writing, mathematics, astronomy, transport, building design, transport, metalworking, pottery, textile development, as well as many of the basics of processes farming and food preparation. Over time, the wheel spread to various civilizations, including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, further advancing technology and trade. Read on to know about important events in the history of the evolution of the modes of transport Mesopotamia Timeline Maathanghi. Definition Uruk was one of the most important cities (at one time, the most important) in ancient Mesopotamia. BCE. From then on, knowledge, engineering, and manufacturing of new bridge-building materials Invention of the wheel The wheel was invented in the 4th century BC in Lower Mesopotamia (modern- day Iraq), where the Sumerian people inserted rotating axles into solid discs of wood. Each historical invention of writing emerged from systems of proto-writing Science, Inventions, and Technology Background From the very earliest settlements around 8000 B. Centered between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the region in ancient times was home to several civilizations, including the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians. Learn the history and development of the wheel. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. C. It is known as the Fertile Crescent and the cradle of civilization. Ancient Mesopotamia, Sumer, the Cradle of Civilization, or the Fertile Crescent are all names for this land in modern day Iraq where most historians believe civilization first began. It lists important technological inventions by date, with some entries noting multiple possible locations of invention. The timeline includes inventions from paleolithic times through antiquity in regions like Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Shot on location, this program seeks to understand how the Sumerian city-states, cradled by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, built a vibrant agricultural economy—and why, after centuries, the wheat crop suddenly failed. The invention of the wheel cannot be understated, and in ancient times, it revolutionized trade, ceramics, irrigation, and warfare. On the basis of the Royal Canon of Ptolemy, a second century A. The Ancient World© Timeline: Invention of Hieroglyphics in Egypt 3500 – 3200 BC First Wheel - Mesopotamia, 3200 BC First Pyramids Built in Saqqara 2630 BC Hammurabi writes his “Code of Hammurabi,” 1754 BC Perhaps the most important advance made by the Mesopotamians was the invention of writing by the Sumerians. It often covered the body, yet was surprisingly light all things considered. Mesopotamia 14000 BCE The Beginnings Humans first settle in Mesopotamia during the Paleolithic era. The invention likely evolved from rudimentary sledges and rollers, eventually leading to the concept of a rotating disk. An interactive timeline on the origins of the cuneiform writing system in ancient Mesopotamia. This remarkable creation facilitated trade, agriculture, and military endeavors, profoundly influencing the development of civilization. It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk, which advanced the writing of cuneiform c. Just beyond it lies southwestern Iran, where the region transitions into the Persian plateau, marking the shift Explore the timeline of Neolithic. As you will see from the timeline, power changed hands many times throughout the ancient history of this area. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called the Code of Hammurabi as well as the first major piece of literature called the Epic of Gilgamesh. This Mesopotamia Activity Sheet is perfect for an emergency sub plan or early finisher activity during your Ancient Mesopotamia unit! Both fun and educational, this no-prep Mesopotamia worksheet contains three activities: a crossword puzzle with vocabulary words, a timeline-themed logic puzzle for t Transportation timeline is an interesting story about the gradual evolution of means of transport that was triggered by the invention of the wheel. Considered one of the cradles of civilization, Mesopotamia witnessed numerous accomplishments that shaped various fields of knowledge. They began being constructed in ancient times when modern civilizations started rising in Mesopotamia. History of Bridges The bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstacles such as valleys, rough terrain, or bodies of water by spanning those obstacles with natural or human-made materials. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called Hammurabi's Code as well Oct 11, 2019 · Mesopotamian science and technology developed during the Uruk Period (~4000–3100 BCE) and Early Dynastic Period (~2900–2350/2334 BCE) of the Sumerian culture of southern Mesopotamia. History >> Ancient Mesopotamia The civilizations of Ancient Mesopotamia brought many important advances in the areas of science and technology. Mesopotamia has been home to many Jul 8, 2023 · The Sumerians were a people who lived in the southern part of ancient Mesopotamia, an area that corresponds to modern-day southern Iraq. Learn how this "land between two rivers" became the birthplace Oct 27, 2025 · History of Mesopotamia - Ancient Cities, Sumerians, Tigris-Euphrates: The Late Neolithic Period and the Chalcolithic Period. May 6, 2025 · The invention of the wheel in ancient Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE was a transformative event that propelled human civilization forward. Villages arise in China around the Yellow River. Feb 16, 2025 · Origins and Early Development The earliest known evidence of the wheel dates back to around 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Writing Aug 2, 2024 · Who first invented astronomy? Mesopotamian civilization invented astronomy around 1000 BCE in modern-day Iraq. Their name comes from the region which is frequently – and incorrectly – referred to as Discover the civilization and long history of Ancient Mesopotamia in our comprehensive guide. [a] This page lists nonincremental inventions that are widely recognized by reliable sources as having had a direct impact on the course of history that was profound, global, and enduring. This land, straddling the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, now lies in Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. It looks at the timeline through the main empires of the period: the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Persian Empires. The first agricultural evidence comes from the Levant, from Jun 30, 2022 · For example, they invented the wheel to be used by their potters for mass-producing ceramic items. Ancient Mesopotamia, centered in present-day Iraq, occupies a unique place in the history of human culture. Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of astronomy. The earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but current scholarship suggests that Mesopotamia’s writing appeared first. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe Kids learn about the history of Ancient Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. From cuneiform tablets to ancient wheels, these discoveries continue to enrich our understanding of Ancient Mesopotamia. Some of the world’s first civilizations developed in Mesopotamia. The region saw many milestones, like the first writing system and the invention of the wheel. Mesopotamian astronomers made the first systematic and documented records of celestial observations. Breasted Jan 16, 2025 · This timeline captures humanity's journey from simple tools to transformative technologies, highlighting how each innovation built upon previous advancements, enabling the complexity of modern civilization. Aug 25, 2021 · Ancient Mesopotamia is often called the cradle of modern human civilization as it was here that complex urban centers grew, and highly significant inventions like the wheel, law, and writing was invented. Map and timeline included. Around 3300 BCE: Modification for transportation emerged, as the Sumerians developed two-wheeled and four-wheeled carts, facilitating the movement of goods and people. Situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, this region was perfect for agriculture and city-building, leading to the rise of early civilizations. Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia The Civilization of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity. ” Sumer is recognized as the birthplace of many of the "firsts" of civilization, including Jul 1, 2025 · Mesopotamia: How the Sumerians Invented Human Civilization How Mesopotamian pioneers created writing, law, cities, & government in the fertile valleys between the Tigris & Euphrates, establishing the foundations of human civilization The document provides a timeline of historic inventions organized chronologically from prehistoric eras through the 21st century. Let’s have a look at the top 15 events of ancient Mesopotamia. More Sep 28, 2022 · In what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia, Sumer, which flourished between c. Published: Jun 29, 2019 06:56 AM EST Dec 16, 2024 · Ancient Mesopotamia is often remembered as the birthplace of many key innovations that shaped human history. The dates in this article make frequent use of the units mya Mesopotamia[a] is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Definition Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. In this case, the Mesopotamians did the same thing for their weapons and armor. Archaeological Evidence The first wheels were solid wooden discs, constructed from planks joined together. The major periods in Sumerian history were the Ubaid period (6500-4100 BCE), the Uruk period (4100-2900 BCE), the Early Dynastic period (2900-2334 BCE), the Akkadian Empire period (2334 – 2218 BCE), the Gutian period (2218-2047 BCE), Sumerian Renaissance/Third Dynasty of Ur (2047-1940 BCE), and then We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. “A universally accepted chronology for the entire ancient Near East remains to be established. This timeline provides a summary of the history of Mesopotamia from its earliest settlements. According to the Sumerian King List, it was founded by King Enmerkar c. D. Definition The term Neolithic Period refers to the last stage of the Stone Age - a term coined in the late 19th century CE by scholars which covers three different periods: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. They cut a disc from the trunk of a tree and made a hole in its center. 4100-1750 BCE. 3200 BCE as well as for its architecture and other cultural innovations. At first this is based on pictograms, and takes about a thousand years to evolve into a full cuneiform script. 1,900 BC, was a civilisation responsible for inventing new technologies and developing the large-scale use of existing ones. This lesson plan is designed to help students appreciate the parallel development and increasing complexity of writing and Oct 15, 2025 · A Brief History of Wheels A wheel, or a symmetrical unit revolving on an axis, forms the basic component of any given mechanized system today, whether it is a watch or a jet engine. Ancient Mesopotamia proved that fertile land and the knowledge to cultivate it was a fortuitous recipe for wealth and civilization. More modern descendants of the wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine. The Neolithic period is significant for its megalithic architecture, the spread of agricultural practices, and the use of polished stone tools. It is called the birth of civilization, and this is a timeline of its history. More about: Uruk Timeline Pottery glazes in Mesopotamia The technique of glazing pottery is discovered in Mesopotamia, though used at this stage only for decorative arts arts purposes Nov 2, 2023 · The invention of the wheel stands as a monumental achievement in human history, an innovation that has profoundly shaped the course of civilization. It is there, around 3400–3000 BC, that all the key elements of urban civilization first appear in one place: cities with monumental infrastructure and official bureaucracies overseeing The incredibly important invention of the wheel is also credited to the Sumerians; the earliest discovered wheel dates to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia. Several of the six classic simple machines were invented in Mesopotamia. They developed cuneiform, the first written language. Through the use of excavated royal annals and chronicles, together with lists of annually Aug 25, 2025 · Literally "the land between the rivers," Mesopotamia was host to some of the world’s earliest and most powerful civilizations. Learn about key events, kings, and empires that shaped human civilization. astronomer, regnal dates can be determined with certainty in Babylonia only as far back as 747 B. Along with Ancient Egypt, Sumer is one of the world’s earliest civilizations. This is the achievement of the Sumerian people. ” It was home to some of the world’s earliest cities, governments, writing systems, and empires. The palace at Tel Kabri is destroyed and the site is abandoned for the rest of the Bronze Age. More Babylon is the most famous city from ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-day Iraq 59 miles (94 km) southwest of Baghdad. 3200 BCE and allowed for the creation of literature 6 days ago · Mesopotamia is known as the birthplace of civilization. Educational articles for teachers, students, and schools including religion, art, daily life, people and kings, Sumer, Babylon, Assyria, Persia, city-states, science, and more. This period is characterized by impressive architectural advancements, including the construction of large public buildings and the first temples, indicating the growth of societal complexity and the formation Mesopotamia is located in West Asia, in the region of the world known today as the Middle East. Uruk is best known as the birthplace of writing c. Nov 20, 2022 · This timeline recaps the events from Mesopotamia, which means “the land between two rivers. Sumerians, who lived in an area situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is known today as southern Iraq, developed technologies that fundamentally affected how Explore the timeline of Uruk. 4500 BCE. Aug 1, 2019 · In what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia, Sumerians invented new technologies and perfected the large-scale use of existing ones. Sep 22, 2025 · Explore the full timeline of Ancient Mesopotamia, from the first Sumerian cities to the rise of the Persian Empire. Jan 18, 2023 · A visual timeline illustrating the evolution of agriculture in parallel with invention and social development in the region of the Fertile Crescent (a term first used in 1916 by Egyptologist J. Uncover history’s treasures!eline! Trace the transformation from medieval times to a global powerhouse, 1066 to present. Click here to learn about Mesopotamian inventions and influence the country has had on the modern world. cd1ld 4fwru vzb fz4czu ff78to khfydg gatlal 2llbby gonq vtci31q